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Measuring Quality
In Arkansas the Department of Pollution
Control and Ecology monitors the National
Ambient Air Quality Standards and enforces a
permit program on individual sources of
contaminants. The Department maintains 37
stations to sample for levels of particulates,
Samples are collected for a 24-hour period
every six days. At I1 of these stations samples
are also collected to determine levels of sulfur
dioxide and nitrogen dioxide. At two stations in
Pulaski County sampling is continuous for
sulfur dioxide, ozone and nitrogen dioxide.
The NAAQS state the maximum levels of
contaminants permitted in the air. The
concentrations are expressed in parts per
million (ppm), or more appropriately, in
micrograms per cubic meter. A glance at the
NAAQS chart will indicate the very small
concentrations allowed.
At this time, the only area in Arkansas classified
1.nonattainment" is Pulaski County and the
problem is ozone concentrations. This
situation is not surprising because mobile (or
transportation) sources in this — the most
populous area of the state — contribute 64 per
cent of the total emissions (1977 statistics). A
control stategy that demonstrates attainment
for Pulaski County by December, 1982, has
been submitted to EPA.
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Air Pollutant Standards Index
Keeping It Clean
Problems of air pollution cannot be solved by
federal, state or local action alone. All people
should be involved in the regulatory process of
Protecting human health.
So, what can you do ... as an individual?
Keep informed about proposed regulations that
will affect the state. The Department of
Pollution Control and Ecology provides copies
of all such proposals for public review at 30
depositories in public libraries around the
state. (See listing of these depositories on
back.) Watch for public notices in statewide
newspapers as to when these regulations will
be available at depositories. Your input is
welcome and will be considered in the
development of these regulations.
Study clean air legislation. Ask questions, Talk
to local, state and regional officials to learn
more about air quality and plans to improve it.
Attend public meetings and public hearings
held by the Department of Pollution Control and
Ecology. Express your views. Watch for public
notices of applications for new air permits.
Write to members of the Commission on
Pollution Control and Ecology, or to state
legislators, to let them know your concern for
clean air.
Report suspected offenders of air pollution
regulations.
and...
Ride public transportation ... orjoin a carpool.
Have your furnace cleaned annually
Don't smoke.
Check exhaust systems on vehicles and
keep engines well tuned.
Avoid open burning.
Listing of Depositories
Proposed regulations may be seen at the
Department of Pollution Control and Ecology
in Little Rock or at the following
informational depositories in public libraries
around the state.
Arkadelphia — Clark County Library. 609 Caddo
Batesville — White River Regional Library. 368 E. Main
Blytheville — Blylhev,Ne Public Library 200 N_ Fifth
Camden — Public Library of Camden and Ouachita County, 120 Harrison
Ave SW
Cffnton — Clinton Public Library, 108 S. Court
Conway — Terryson Library. University of Central Arkansas
Crossett — Paul Sultins Public Library, 125 Main
Ef Dorado — Barton Library. E Filth and N. Jefferson
FayetleviRe — Ozarks Regional Library Headquarters, 217 E. Dickson
Forrest City — Forrest City Public Library. 422 5. Washington
Fl. Smith — Fort Smith Public Library, 61 S. Eighth
Harrison — North Arkansas Regionaf Library, 173 Jaycee Ave
Helena — Helena Public Library, 623 Pecan
Flo! Springs — Tri -Lakes Regional Library, 200 Woodbine
Jonesboro — Crowley Ridge Regional Library, 315 W. Oak
Little Rock — Little Rock Public Library, 700 Louisiana
Little Rock — Arkansas State Library. One Capitol Mall
Magnolia — Magnolia Public Library. 220 E. Main
Mena -- Mena Public Library. 410 Eighth
Monticello — Southwest Arkansas Regional library. 233 S Main
Mountain Home — Baxter County Library, W Seventh St.
Ozark — Ozark Public Library, 407 W. Market
fine Sluff — Watson Memorial Library, UAPB
Pocahontas — Randolph County Library. L21 E. Everett
Russellville — Pope County Library, 114 E. Third
Searcy — White County Public Library, Spring Park
Stuftgerl — Sluttgart Public Lrbrary, 404 S. Grand
Texarkana — Texarkana Public Library, 901 State Line
West Memphis — West Memphis Public Library, Avalon and Olive
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION
If you would like copies of environmental legis-
lation and regulations. or permit requirements
in Arkansas, contact the Air Division or the
Communications Branch (telephone (501)
562-7444)
Arkansas Department of
Pollution Control and Ecology
8001 National Drive
P.O. Box 9583
Little Rock, AR 72219 0981
Health Effects
Isuring Quality
eping It Clean
Arkansas Department of
Pollution Control and Ecology
74C At ZC Vw4de
Air quality in Arkansas is good by national
standards. All air quality regions in the state
have been formally designated as attaining
national ambient air quality standards for all
contaminants except ozone ... and only one
region has been designated "nonattainment"
for this.
Clean air is everyone's concern because pol-
lution can cross city, state and even national
lines. The Clean Air Act Amendments of 1970
required the Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) to set two types of national standards for
air quality — primary and secondary — known
as the National Ambient Air Quality Standards
(NAAQS). Also under the Clean Air Act the
United States is divided into Air Quality Control
Regions (AQCRS), corresponding roughly to
major pockets of pollution. (In Arkansas there
are six of these regions, identified by the
numbers 16 through 22.) The Act further
requires each state to identify any regions or
portions thereof which are not attaining the
national standards forseven criteria pollutants.
(See chart below.)
These standards describe the maximum
concentrations of these contaminants allowed
in the ambient (over-all) air over different
periods of time, providing for adequate
margins of safety. Primary standards are
designed at levels to protect human health, and
secondary standards to protect human
welfare—covering such values as property,
vegetation and scenic areas.
National Ambient Air Quality Standards
Substance
Calculation
Primary Standard
Secondary Standard
Photochemical Oxidants/
Maximum (Expected)
235 micrograms
Same as primary
Ozone (03)
in 1 hour
per cubic meter
(0.12 ppm)
Hydrocarbons (HC)
(Corrected for Methane)
Maximum in 3 hours
160 micrograms
Same as primary
6 a.m. - 9 a.m,
per cubic meter
(0.24 ppm)
Carbon Monoxide (CO)
Maximum in 8 hours
10 milligrams
Same as primary
per cubic meter
(9 ppm)
Maximum in 1 hour
40 milligrams
Same as primary
per cubic meter
(35 ppm)
Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)
Annual geometric
80 micrograms
No standard
mean
per cubic meter
(0.03 ppm)
Maximum in 24 hours
365 micrograms
No standard
per cubic meter
(0.14 ppm)
Maximum in 3 hours
No standards
1.300 micrograms
per cubic meter
(0.5 ppm)
Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)
Annual arithmetic
100 micrograms
Same as primary
mean
per cubic meter
(0,05 ppm)
Total Suspended
Particulates (TSP)
Annual geometric
75 micrograms
60 micrograms
mean
per cubic meter
per cubic meter
Maximum in 24 hours
260 micrograms
150 micrograms
per cubic meter
per cubic meter
Lead (Pb)
Arithmetic mean
1.5 micrograms
Same as primary
over 3 months
per cubic meter
Health Effects ... of air pollution
High concentrations of certain contaminants in
the air could cause adverse health effects. To
be considered hazardous, however, amounts
would have to be much higher than normally
found in Arkansas or even allowed by the
National Ambient Air Quality Standards.
These standards are designed to protect
against both natural and man-made sources of
contamination. Possible adverse effects of
principal man-made sources are listed below:
Photochemical Oxidants/Ozone
• In very high concentrations, ozone irritates
the mucous membranes of the respiratory
system, causing coughing, choking and im-
paired lung function. It aggravates chronic
respiratory diseases such as asthma and
bronchitis, and is believed capable of has-
tening death, by pneumonia, of a person who
is already in weakened health.
Hydrocarbons
• At levels usually found in the air,
hydrocarbons do not directly affect human
health. They do contribute to formation of
smog because of their reaction with nitrogen
oxides in sunlight.
Carbon Monoxide
• This is a colorless, odorless, poisonous gas
resulting from incomplete combustion.
Carbon monoxide is dangerous because it
displaces oxygen in the bloodstream. Low
concentrations cause weakened judgment,
slowed reflexes and drowsiness. Large
amounts can cause death by heart failure or
asphyxiation.
Sulfur Dioxide
■ High levels of this contaminant can causean
obstruction in breathing and contribute to
coughs and colds, asthma, bronchitis and
emphysema. Another area of concern is that
when sulfur oxide gas enters the lungs,
sulfur acids and sulfur salts are also present.
Nitrogen Dioxide
r These gases are very corrosive and rapidly
form nitric acid when combined with water
vapor. Low concentrations can irritate the
lungs, cause bronchitis or pneumonia, or
lower resistance to respiratory infections
such as influenza. Nitrogen oxides are highly
reactive to sunlight, uniting with
hydrocarbons to form what is called
photochemical smog.
Total Suspended Particulates
■ "Particulates" is a technical word for
particles of solid or liquid matter small
enough to remain in the air. Smoke, dust,
ash or fumes from combustion are the most
common forms. Often these particulates
carry gases to the lungs and cause physical
damage.
Lead
■ Minute particles of this metal enter the air
from vehicles that burn gasoline containing
lead and from industries that smelt or
process lead. About 90 percent of all
airborne lead is from automobiles. Lead is
absorbed into the body and accumulates in
bone and soft tissues. Its most pronounced
effects are on the blood -forming, nervous
and kidney systems. Young children are the
most susceptible to lead poisoning.
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